What is called self? This fundamental question has intrigued philosophers, psychologists, and spiritual leaders for centuries. Understanding what is called self is essential to grasp the nature of human identity, consciousness, and existence. In this article, we will explore the many interpretations and dimensions of the concept of self, diving into its psychological, philosophical, and spiritual aspects to provide a well-rounded perspective on what defines the essence of who we are.
What Is Called Self? An Introduction to the Concept
At its core, what is called self refers to the awareness of one’s own identity, individuality, and continuity over time. It encompasses our thoughts, feelings, memories, desires, and experiences that create a sense of being a unique person. But what exactly constitutes the self? Is it the physical body, the mind, the soul, or some combination of these elements?
The Components of Self
Understanding the self requires examining its different components. Broadly, these can be divided into:
- Physical Self: The tangible and biological aspects like the body, brain, and genetic makeup.
- Mental Self: The thoughts, emotions, personality traits, and cognitive processes.
- Social Self: The way we perceive ourselves in relation to others and the roles we play.
- Spiritual Self: The transcendent or metaphysical dimension some believe connects us to a larger existence or purpose.
Philosophical Perspectives on What Is Called Self
Philosophy has long debated what is called self, often focusing on consciousness and personal identity.
Dualism
Dualists, like René Descartes, argue that the self is primarily a non-physical mind or soul separate from the body — famously captured in the phrase, “I think, therefore I am.” According to this view, the self is a thinking entity that exists independently of our physical form.
Materialism
Materialists contend that the self is entirely a product of physical processes within the brain. They assert that consciousness and identity emerge from neural activity and biochemical interactions, making the self inseparable from the body.
Phenomenology
This approach emphasizes the self as it is experienced subjectively. Philosophers like Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty argue that understanding the self involves studying lived experiences—the first-person perspective through which we engage with the world.
Psychological Views on What Is Called Self
Psychology offers various models to explain what is called self, emphasizing how identity develops and functions.
Self-Concept
The self-concept is the organized set of beliefs and perceptions individuals hold about themselves. It shapes how we interpret experiences and influences our behavior.
Self-Esteem
Self-esteem refers to the evaluative aspect of self, or how much value and worth we assign to ourselves.
Theories of Self Development
- Erik Erikson: Emphasized identity formation through various psychosocial stages across the lifespan.
- Carl Rogers: Highlighted the importance of the self in human motivation, focusing on the actualizing tendency and the need for congruence between the real self and ideal self.
The Spiritual Dimension of What Is Called Self
Many spiritual traditions view the self as more than body or mind, positing a deeper essence or soul.
Eastern Philosophy
In traditions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, the self (often called “Atman” or “Anatta”) is either seen as eternal and universal or ultimately an illusion to be transcended for enlightenment.
Western Spirituality
Concepts like the soul or spirit in Christianity and other religions often describe the self as a divine spark or eternal entity linked to a higher power.
Why Understanding What Is Called Self Matters
Recognizing what is called self has profound implications:
- Personal Growth: A clearer self-understanding fosters greater authenticity and emotional well-being.
- Relationships: Improved self-awareness enhances empathy and communication with others.
- Mental Health: Addressing disruptions in the sense of self can assist in therapies for conditions like dissociation or identity crises.
- Spiritual Fulfillment: Exploring the self can lead to deeper meaning and connection beyond the material world.
Conclusion
So, what is called self? It is a multifaceted and complex concept that integrates physical, mental, social, and spiritual dimensions. Its understanding varies across disciplines but ultimately centers on the experience of being a unique individual. By exploring various perspectives on what is called self, we can deepen our appreciation of our identity and enhance our journey through life.
